SAG-58

Fiction Week

By Tyler Totten

Central Philippine Sea, 04:00 (GMT+9)

The missile dropped free of its pylon, its ramjet igniting and quickly racing ahead of the bomber. It joined its brethren charging east, sixty bright pinpricks of light in the pre-dawn sky. The bomber crews didn’t stop to consider the scene, turning already to make good on their escape to the west and waiting tankers. They had travelled far and didn’t want to run into the same fate as others before them. There were dangers in the skies and from the sea that they couldn’t always detect before it was too late.

The missiles, unburdened by such concerns, unwaveringly followed their flight plans. Their speed continued to build to Mach three as they curved south. Kilometers wound down as they tracked towards the designated point to energize their active systems and seek the enemy.

In an unremarkable section of ocean, the surface suddenly lit up with unnatural flashes. First a few and then dozens, briefly connecting the surface to the sky. Unnoticed by the missiles, lacking optical sensors, they carried on. Moments later their passive warning receivers lit up as radar washed over the formation. It was an airborne small array, but the missiles still didn’t react, well short of switching to terminal evasive maneuvers. Explosions rippled through the formation, small but numerous. Several of the flights were savaged, with half or more being holed by fragments and exploding, debris raining down on the ocean below. Their speed unchanged, the missiles ripped passed the unexpected hazard in seconds and continued on, thirty survivors no less focused than they had started.

Central Philippine Sea, 04:10 (GMT+9)

Captain Bryan Herera watched the thirty tracks continue east, pleased with his small group’s performance. His stealthy command frigate had only a single 57mm gun to contribute, but his smaller Hedgehog-class vessels had two each in addition to a 5-inch gun. While nominally unmanned and capable of such, both gun-armed Hedgehogs and the two Arsenal-class VLS-armed vessels in his group carried a small crew of twelve as “man-in-the-loop” for any weapons releases.

“My compliments to Lieutenants Chen and Willis on the gunnery.” Herrera nodded to himself as Lieutenant Thorne relayed his statement to both Hedgehogs via laser comm. The Hedgehog’s guns managed to nearly halve the passing raid, making the carrier’s lives much easier.

Casablanca reports all her birds ready for tasking, other than the one returning from station now.” Thorne’s report broke into his introspection but it was welcome. Having all five of the medium endurance drones aboard his escort carrier ready for tasking was excellent. They had showed their hand today and soon, perhaps tomorrow, they would be targeted directly.

“Excellent Lieutenant. Oyster Bay’s status?” His thoughts shifted to the eight unmanned boats still in his tender. He had ordered two of them reconfigured from missile defense to ASW. An earlier warning had indicated there were numerous PLAN submarines suspected in the Philippine Sea and he wanted some added detect and engagement capability. His frigate carried a powerful ASW suite but some additional sonobuoy capability would be welcome. Casablanca’s drones could conduct ASW but their endurance was short by comparison.

Oyster Bay is finishing boat refit now, they should have the two ASW boats out of the well deck in twenty minutes, Captain.”

“Let me know when they launch, Lieutenant.” Herrera sat back, relaxing slightly. He had done all he could, nothing left but waiting. He idly wondered how the carriers were doing against the missiles but didn’t have access to that data. He turned instead to the broader picture, bringing up the reports on the other forces in the area.

The Bataan Marine Littoral Regiment whose drone had provided him the raid warning was still in the fight, somehow. The PLA had been trying to dig them out for a week now, forcing the regiment to relocate constantly. Primarily an ISR asset, three of their five drones remained operational for raid warning. Given that the Philippine Navy and Air Force had been driven to near extermination in the war’s opening days, they represented one of the only available ISR assets that could provide such warning. Okinawa had been similarly pounded but the stronger Japanese defense forces had managed to retain some local control.

Removed slightly from the PLA land-based targeting, the Minami Daito Islands MLR still retained their air defense batteries at full strength, and six surviving F-35Bs of the attached squadron provided a CAP to the southwest. When SAG 58 finished their run north, they would withdraw east under cover of those forces so Herera was glad they remained.

The final asset in the immediate region was a squadron of P-7M Seamaster II seaplanes. Their specific location was unknown, represented on his tactical map as a 7,000 km2 box to his east. He didn’t envy those crews, sitting motionless on the surface waiting for orders to power up and strike a target. He knew that, if the opportunity presented itself, they would pounce on any PLAAF bomber squadron that came within range. Maybe even those that came for his group.

Central Philippine Sea, 19:45 (GMT+9)

“Flash traffic, Captain.” Thorne’s voice roused Herrera from his bunk in an instant, the general quarters klaxon sounding before she finished. He pulled on his coveralls from the chair in his small cabin and settled his heads-up display into place, stepping out the door less than sixty-seconds after the klaxon ended. Five steps later he was on the bridge.

“What have we got?” He asked, settling into his chair and pulling up the reports even before she could answer.

“Six H-6s inbound. A B-21 picked them up west of Taiwan five minutes ago. Based on their course and speed, expecting they’ll be at launch range in the next twenty to twenty-five minutes,” Thorne reported. Herrera scanned the data and looked at Roark’s computer projections of the meshed data.

“Let’s get ready then. Casablanca is to launch three drones to cover us, active coverage to start in fifteen minutes. Sprite and Stiletto are to deploy their decoys and set to match Casablanca and Oyster Bay without EMCON.” The Hedgehogs each carried a tethered inflatable decoy blimp. On launch, the blimp would float just aft of the ship and could adjust its radar reflectors to match the desired vessel. Coupled with its RF emitters and flares, the blimp could convincingly play the role of any ship in the Navy’s inventory. Early in the war’s outset, the blimps had been set to always emulate a big CVN but the PLA had wizened up quickly and started programming their missiles to ignore such targets when not expressly shooting at a CVN. Sadly, the enemy still got a vote.

Casablanca acknowledges, Captain. Oyster Bay reports they have put their boat screen into computer control but are still at weapons hold.” Thorne paused, additional reports coming into her headset. “Lieutenants Chen and Willis acknowledge as well, Captain. Blimps will be deployed and transmitting in ten minutes.”

“Make sure they stay on top of that, we don’t have much more time than that.” He paused, checking the sea state and considering his next order. “And… actually I’ll do it, put them both on my line.”

“On your headset, sir.”

“Willis, Chen. Prep your command to transition to unmanned. Stay on top of those blimp deployments, time is short. Once they’re flying, get to the boats. Casablanca is already launching the comm drones. Understood?” Herrera was insistent. He’d prefer they get to the boats now but he needed those blimps.

“Aye sir.”

“Good luck gentlemen.”

Central Philippine Sea, 20:00 (GMT+9)

Herrera watched the boats pull away from the Hedgehogs, just visible in the fading light on the horizon. Each curled around aft of his ship, the cameras tracking automatically as they headed for the relative safety of Oyster Bay’s well deck. If the Hedgehogs survived the fight, they would head back to disarm the scuttling system and recrew the vessels. While the blimps were very effective decoys, they were by nature attached to the ships, but the direct approach of the raid would improve the defensive fire’s effectiveness. In other words, they were bait. While escorts had long been relegated to such roles to protect more valuable assets, Arsenal and Hedgehog class vessels had an option their predecessors didn’t. The crew could leave. While man-in-the-loop operations were the norm, each could operate remotely or autonomously.

Utilizing the latest in laser communication technology borrowed from NASA and breakthroughs in satellite-to-ground communication stations, both Hedgehogs would be linked back to Roark by secure laser. When the group was in fully automatic, Roark’s combat system would issue commands to every ship directly.

The command frigate program and the broader frigate-centric unmanned surface action group had been hotly debated compared with the legacy surface force and the more technology-centric AI-enabled warfare visions of the future fight. Hererra figured his vessel sat somewhere in the middle. At a glance, his frigate appeared underwhelming from a sensor and armament perspective. Housing a relatively small phased array radar, Roark relied mainly on offboard sensor feeds and passive gear. His ship’s primary function was command and control, including offboard vehicle control. Further reflective of that role was the stealth features, both above and below the water. Similar in principle to Visby and Zumwalt stealth vessels, Roark’s radar cross-section was tiny. Underwater acoustics was much the same, borrowing again from submarines in hull coatings and isolated machinery. He’d been surprised the first time he’d been in the machinery rooms. They were cramped, more of the volume seemingly consumed damping noise than on the actual electric propulsion systems. He was happy for his engineers that the mostly automated vessel didn’t require more than a daily walkthrough of those spaces. Everything was monitored remotely and, when not under EMCON, relaying status back to tenders and shore-based support. He knew they wouldn’t see a pier anytime soon, but the tenders carried all that was required for anything except the worst engineering casualties. His crew was sufficient for damage control but couldn’t keep up with the maintenance tasks that involved, even with Roark’s highly reliable, and expensive, systems.

On top of quieting, Roark also possessed the Navy’s best surface combatant sonar suite. Borrowing again from subs, she carried conformal arrays, a compact bow array, and latest generations of variable depth and towed arrays. He’d enjoyed their exercises against Columbia, managing to pin her twice. He was sure it put STRATCOM into cold sweats but it’d been immensely validating for the frigate’s proponents.

“Contact!” Herrera immediately focused on the plot, seeing the reported contacts as it updated with data from the AEW drone. As predicted, the H-6s appeared right where they were supposed to be. While presently just outside of his engagement window, they’d be forced within range of his weapons to launch their own. Roark’s combat system was more than up to the task of plotting the firing plan and even before he brought it up, the computer had populated a recommendation. He eyed it critically for a few moments before approving and sending to his group’s Arsenal ships, Bulwark and Palisade.

“Weapons engagement plan to your boards, Lieutenants.”

“Implementing now, Captain.”

“Same here Captain.”

Both having acknowledged, Herrera looked to the next layers of his defense. All the group’s gun systems showed green, Roark and the Hedgehogs would engage any missiles as soon as the range allowed. Casablanca and Oyster Bay’s SeaRAM would engage as last resort for each. Roark’s own VLS would also contribute, though with only 12 of 24 tubes dedicated to air defense, minimally so.

Even as he reviewed the firing plan, with Roark’s algorithms recommending expending most of the onboard missiles for the assumed raid size, Palisade’s first SM-6 roared away. Bulwark joined a moment later, temporarily obscuring both ships in smoke. The missiles blitzed for the bombers and, just as they reached halfway, the bombers reached launch range.

“Vampire, vampire. Inbound raid, 36 tracks. Classified as supersonic ASCMs.”

“Very well. Switch Roark to automated control.” Herrera acknowledged the entirely expected report. The H-6’s had managed to launch at something just beyond their best observed. No doubt the blimps radiated signatures combined with the very real signatures of Oyster Bay and Casablanca would be hard to miss, at least in a general sense. The SM-6 launches only further confirmed what the enemy already knew. Still, the SM-6 was fast and the bombers had to reverse course and run hard to escape. Most of them likely would, but even nibbling one or two would benefit everyone the next time.

Roark was running in automatic now with command of the entire group, immediately adjusting four ships’ headings. The orders went directly to each ship’s combat systems, the crew merely passengers. Taken as a group, SAG-58 was one of the most powerful anti-air warfare assets afloat. Roark collected and analyzed all the group’s sensor data. Needing only milliseconds to consider a thousand options, the orders flew across the laser comms network. Roark held fire herself, the offensive launches against the bombers already draining her inventory. Instead, Bulwark and Palisade rippled off ten missiles apiece. Satisfied with the initial salvo, Roark waited, tracking the entire action as the missiles closed and the SM-2s engaged. They performed well, 14 connecting with their targets. Absorbing the result in an instant, Roark adjusted Sprite’s heading once again and waited for the Hedgehogs’ 5” guns to come into range. Both ship’s guns spoke together, throwing eight rounds downrange in less than 10 seconds. Herrera almost jumped in his seat as Roark’s own 57mm got into the fight, coordinated with Sprite and Stiletto’s guns.

Far off in the distance, the ship’s cameras could just pick up the first detonations as his group filled the sky with explosives and steel. More and more missiles were holed and tumbled into the sea. The cameras showed only momentary flashes but he knew well enough what they were. The inbounds continued to drop, quickly even, but they were approaching even faster. He realized, a moment before the first hit, that the group wasn’t going to get them all. The final few seconds before impact were just enough time for him to read the plot and see who the leakers were headed for. Chaff, flares, and active decoy systems emerged from both his big ships and Oyster Bay loosed a RAM at one uncomfortably close missile. But neither were the true targets.

Instead, two missiles focused on Stiletto, specifically her blimp. Herrera couldn’t see it but the supersonic missile closed with what it thought to be a prime target. The terminal phase saw it changing altitude by hundreds of meters and flying in a curling spiral pattern before, at its determined relative location, tipping down and diving into the top of the ship. Hitting practically nothing, its detonation sequence wasn’t triggered by the thin composite layers. By luck the missile lightly clipped a structural rib near the blimp’s center just enough to trigger its onboard detonation mechanism. Before the millisecond sequence could complete, it was through the blimp. The sequence completed just before it collided with the ocean itself. The resultant explosion threw shrapnel in all directions, adding dozens of additional holes to the blimp and perforating Stiletto’s stern. The ship’s onboard systems detected the breaches and small fires the shrapnel caused as it tore through systems, automated firefighting systems reacting inhumanly fast.

On the other side of the formation, Sprite was less lucky. Two missiles made it through the defenses and weren’t dissuaded by the last resort decoys. One targeted the blimp, detonating to even less effect than the one that killed Stiletto’s blimp. The second missile, the last one of the raid, targeted Sprite herself, diving down and into his aft quarter. Burying itself into the main deck, this sensor completed its arming sequence perfectly to detonate in main engineering. The resultant explosion ripped through the internal systems and the ship lost power immediately. Backup systems that still functioned came online and kept the ship connected to the group network, but none of the automated damage control systems responded.

Aboard Roark, Herrera saw the damage reports scroll through but focused on Sprite. Her sensor systems were mostly functional, even a few in main engineering, but it was clear that none of her main power generation or damage control systems were online. Flooding had been detected in the almost half the ship already and external cameras from the ship showed the billowing smoke emerging from her aft deck. Perhaps if he ordered Oyster Bay to dispatch her damage control teams standing by for the express purpose of assisting Sprite’s automated systems they could save the small vessel, but Herrera had already looked at the plot. They were almost under the protective coverage of the Minami Daito Marine Littoral Regiment’s battered squadron, but that still left them in engagement range for another day, longer if they were slowed towing Sprite while working to restore propulsion and something approximating watertight integrity. If that was even possible. He activated his comm.

“Lieutenant Chen, Sprite’s had it. Your orders are to board and ensure functional scuttling routines. Set for twenty minutes and evac.”

“Understood sir, we’ll be aboard in fifteen. Sprite’s embark ladder shows functional.” Chen sounded downtrodden but unsurprised. He’d been reading the same data.

“Be careful over there, she did her duty but took a beating.”

“Yes Captain, we’ll be careful.”

The group continued to push east at a brisk 25 knots, Chen and his crew completing their task and returning to Oyster Bay. As they did, Sprite’s computer activated the scuttling routine and charges ripped open every compartment to the sea. The effects went unnoticed by her companions, the charges themselves unimpressive to an outside observer. Still, they were highly effective and seemingly in an instant, she vanished beneath the waves with a thin oil slick, the only sign of her passing.

Chen wasn’t sure if it made sense to mourn the loss of a robotic entity but he still whispered, almost silently.

“Fair winds and following seas.”

Tyler Totten is a naval engineer who has supported several Navy and Coast Guard programs, including DDG-1000, EPF, LCS, USCG WCC, and DDG(X), with a deep interest in international and specifically maritime security. He is also an amateur science fiction writer published on Kindle. He holds a B.S from Webb Institute in Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering. He can be found on X/Twitter at @AzureSentry.

Featured Image: Art created with Midjourney AI.

Fiction Week Kicks Off on CIMSEC

By Dmitry Filipoff

For the next two weeks, CIMSEC will be featuring short story fiction submitted in response to our call for fiction. Through narrative fiction, authors explore the future of conflict and competition. From missile salvos to maritime militia, to Marine raids and espionage, these stories illuminate a wide variety of emerging security challenges and opportunities.

The featured authors are listed below, and we thank them for their excellent contributions.

SAG-58,” by Tyler Totten
Wave Runner,” by H I Sutton
Heavy Metal at Midnight,” by Karl Flynn
In Perpetuity,” by Daniel Lee
Dead Men Tell No Tales,” by Brian Kerg
The United States Vs. Charles Alan Ordway,” by David Strachan
War is my Racket,” by Kevin Smith
Vigilante Seven Two,” by Mike Barretta
Hide and Seek,” by Paul Viscovich
Perilous Passage,” by Robert Burton
Dreadnought 2050,” by Tracy MacSephney
OX-XO,” by Daniel Goff
Dawn’s Early Light,” by Ben Plotkin
Dropping Out of Sight West of Heligoland,” by Till Andrzejewski
War in the Dark,” by Ryan Belscamper

For more CIMSEC Fiction Weeks, feel free to view our 2022, 2021, and 2020 fiction contests.

Dmitry Filipoff is CIMSEC’s Director of Online Content. Contact him at Content@cimsec.org.

Featured Image: Art created with Midjourney AI.

Sea Control 483 – The Transformation of Maritime Professions with Dr. Karel Davids

By Nathan Miller

Dr. Karel Davids joins the program to discuss his edited volume, The Transformation of Maritime Professions: Old and New Jobs in European Shipping Industries, 1850-2000. Karel Davids is Full Professor Emeritus of Economic and Social History in the Faculty of Humanities and the School of Business and Economics.


Links

1. The Transformation of Maritime Professions: Old and New Jobs in European Shipping Industries, 1850-2000, edited by Karel Davids and Joost Schokkenbroek, Palgrave MacMillan, 2023.

Nathan Miller is Co-Host of the Sea Control podcast and edited and produced this episode. Contact the Sea Control team at Seacontrol@cimsec.org.

Changing Surface Warfare Qualifications: Better Incentives Make Deadlier Officers

By LTJG Chris Rielage and LCDR JR Dinglasan

“The young officer deals in tactics. That is what he cares about most. While he chafes against other duties, his first focus is meant to be the development of skills to bring combat power to bear on an enemy in circumstances of mortal danger.”–Vice Admiral Cebrowski1

“The disconcerting truth, however, is that the modern naval officer is buried in reports… that deal with everything but how to fight.”–Captain Wayne Hughes2

These quotes from classic naval thinkers underline what has been glaringly obvious for years – every American Surface Warfare Officer (SWO) knows that the community spends less time on tactics than it should. SWOs mainly conceive of their professional identities in terms of their administrative function, such as “I’m the Auxiliaries Officer” or “I’m the 1st Lieutenant,” instead of their tactical or operational roles. The CASREP instruction is more familiar to Ensigns than the classic work Fleet Tactics. These administrative duties take up a massive amount of time and energy, and with the surface fleet’s emphasis on program management and material readiness, tactics consistently fall by the wayside. To state it more bluntly, warships are more ready for inspection than they are for war.3

What if it could be different? Other services and communities fulfill the same duties to man, train, and equip without losing their warfighting ethos. Naval aviators identify themselves by what combat aircraft they fly, focusing on their ability to fight over the administrative role they serve within a squadron. Marines conceive of themselves as riflemen even in the heart of the Pentagon.

The Surface Navy needs to cut itself free of its extraneous entanglements and make concrete changes to how it improves warfighting skill. Our most urgent target for reform should not be improving individual tactics on a piecemeal level. Rather, we should be focusing on systematic changes to the personnel and training systems throughout the Surface Warfare community that will cultivate more tacticians.

The lowest-hanging fruit is in the junior officer detailing process. The fleet is missing a major opportunity to incentivize junior officers to be more lethal, but reform would be relatively simple. When assigning officers in the SWO community, detailers at the Bureau of Naval Personnel (BUPERS) reward extra points for attaining certain advanced qualifications. Officers who quickly qualify as Tactical Action Officer (TAO) and Engineering Officer of the Watch (EOOW), the top tactical and engineering watches on a ship, often receive first choice of their next assignment due to the number of “extra points” they receive when slating for their next tour. This is a great way to incentivize hard work, but the limited scope of this program is a missed opportunity. The detailing process should also assign point increments to more junior tactical qualifications.

The obvious candidates are Warfare Coordinator (WC) positions – the watchstations subordinate to the TAO that actually employ weapons in combat. It is not feasible for most junior officers to become a TAO – a position normally filled by Department Heads ten years their senior – in the few extra months between earning their SWO pin and transferring to a new command. It is feasible, however, for a hard-charging division officer to learn how to fight a single domain under the TAO’s direction. Giving JOs a point incentive by qualifying these watches would motivate them to go after these qualifications earlier. Detailers could begin rewarding the watchstations listed above right away – and include even more, like Anti-Submarine Warfare Evaluator (ASWE) or Tomahawk Engagement Control Officer (ECO), after changes to the school requirements.

Detailers should also reward qualified Antiterrorism Tactical Watch Officers (ATTWOs) with a small point bonus. While not required on most ships, the ATTWO position requires officers to demonstrate calm under fire in a way more academic qualifications fail to achieve. Officers need to confidently know their tactics – but they also need to be mentally prepared to make decisions with limited information, preserve order in chaotic situations, and if needed, order the use of lethal force. Only the ATTWO qualification, with its focus on real-world drills, regularly trains JOs in these skills.

Our proposed model is shown below. BUPERS currently gives 0.25-point bonuses for TAO and EOOW, which are then added to a value calculated off of Fitness Report (FITREP) scores. To minimize confusion – that calculation is fairly complex, and unnecessary for this discussion – our proposal describes fractions of the TAO/EOOW bonuses. When ultimately implemented, the exact scores will also need to be tailored to match those FITREP scores.

A proposed model for adjusting point values for specific SWO qualifications. (Author graphic)

This new model has three main advantages – it will make junior officers more lethal, it will create a deeper bench of experience among more senior officers, and it will incentivize retention.

Today’s SWO qualification process only touches on tactics in the Combat Information Center Watch Officer (CICWO) and Maritime Warfare qualifications. These are cursory quals that provide only the barebones foundation of modern warfare. They cover U.S. Navy capabilities and limitations, but leave major gaps when it comes to other great powers and their tactics and doctrine. Despite earning the qualification, a qualified CICWO has not yet been taught how to track and assess threats, launch missiles, or maneuver the ship in combat. In contrast, the warfare coordinator qualifications, with their emphasis on exact weapon employment, countering specific threat tactics, and coordinating with other tactical watchstanders and units, represent a more serious professional achievement in becoming a skilled warfighter. Incentivizing junior officers to go after these specific quals earlier will make them much deadlier and increase lethality on a fleet-wide scale.

These changes will also benefit more senior officers. Today, most officers in the surface fleet formally learn tactics for the first time when going through the TAO curriculum in Department Head school, after seven to nine years of experience. That is much too late for the complexity of today’s weapons and tactics. Incentivizing early tactical qualifications would give Department Heads a stronger foundation, setting them up for success when they assume the TAO role. A stronger foundation will also allow for more advanced tactical education and training to be administered at later career milestones, further elevating the lethality of the force. Given enough years, it will eventually create more lethal captains and admirals.

Finally, these point incentives would boost retention among junior officers. When interviewed, junior SWOs consistently say that they are not well-trained for combat.5 The current point system feeds that problem by only rewarding the qualifications – TAO and EOOW – that are prerequisites for command. Shifting to the new model would improve combat skills across the fleet, and would send a powerful signal that the SWO community values tacticians at all levels. Bonus points for tactical qualifications are not a silver bullet – but they are a step in the right direction, showing junior officers that the Navy sees their achievements as worthwhile in their own right, and not simply as stepping stones to command. By providing tangible professional incentives that directly strengthen the Navy’s core function – warfighting – the Navy will boost warfighter retention and morale.

The SWO community should keep its big point incentives to create high-quality captains – but recognize that the best ships are ones where top captains are backed by lethal, combat-ready O-2s and O-3s. Today’s JOs are starving for a foundation in tactics. Incentivizing them to pursue tactical qualifications early may be the first step in convincing them that the SWO community prioritizes warfighting, and in turn, convince them to stay and grow into more deadly department heads and captains.

LTJG Chris Rielage is a Surface Warfare Officer onboard USS BENFOLD (DDG 65) in the Western Pacific. His publications have previously appeared in USNI’s Proceedings and CIMSEC.

LCDR JR Dinglasan currently serves as the IAMD WTI course of instruction (COI) lead at the Surface Advanced Warfighting School (SAWS), Naval Surface and Mine Warfighting Development Center (SMWDC). He recently completed his second department head tour as the Combat Systems Officer aboard USS BENFOLD (DDG 65). He is a graduate of the surface warfare community’s IAMD WTI COI and previously served at SMWDC as an advanced tactical training planner and as the lead instructor/tactics developer for Standard Missile-6 surface warfare (SUW) tactical employment.

References

1. Captain Wayne P. Hughs Jr. and RADM Robert P. Girrier, Fleet Tactics and Naval Operations, Third Edition, U.S. Naval Institute Press, xxi, 2019.

2. Ibid, xxxi.

3. Senior Chief Gunner’s Mate Norman Mingo, U.S. Navy, “The Navy Is Prepared for Inspections, Not War,” Proceedings, March 2021, https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2021/march/navy-prepared-inspections-not-war.

4. This proposal is designed around an AEGIS cruiser or destroyer, as the US Navy’s most common surface combatant. Other watchstations, like a Naval Strike Missile (NSM) Planner on an LCS or Air Defense Warfare Coordinator (ADWC) on an LPD, could also be excellent candidates.

5. Lieutenant Judith Hee Rooney, U.S. Navy, “The State of the Warfighter Mentality in the SWO Community,” CIMSEC, August 22, 2022, https://cimsec.org/the-state-of-the-warfighter-mentality-in-the-swo-community/

Featured Image: NAVAL STATION ROTA, Spain (Dec. 6, 2021) The Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyer USS Roosevelt (DDG 80) departs Naval Station Rota, Spain, Dec. 6, 2021. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Andrea Rumple/Released)

Fostering the Discussion on Securing the Seas.